Terms

=Terms: =

Human-Centred Design
Inclusive capitalism - encouraging economic growth through commerce.

Microfinancing- Microfinancing has provided many benefits by empowering people who were typically excluded in the society's financial economy. Microfinancing allows people to participate in a grass-roots driven, cultural, economy. Not only does it increase participation for those traditionally excluded, but it also increases the ability for those to better their lives through an increase in earning potential. In addition, vendors, companies and handset manufacturers are able to design and tailor products and services for direct interaction with these users. It is a form of inclusive capitalism, where people are empowered to help themselves, rather than receiving "aid" which does not necessarily equate to proven-assistance. The costs to create traditional networks and wired-infrastructures for communication are no longer hurdles for users equipped with cellphones. The absence of a fixed address of bank account is irrelevant. Cellphones push microfinancing as a viable form or doing efficient just-in-time business with a large participate user-base normally exempt from financial consideration and inclusion.

'sente' Money Transfer - using a shared village phone to conduct microfinance transactions using pre-paid airtime cards. Airtime cards are sold to the village phone operator who then sends cash to the intended recipient minus a commission fee.

Mobile-phone banking - commerce system where users store cash credits on their mobile phones. The cash credits are transferred from another phone, post-office, or licensed operator and used to make purchases, payments and cash withdrawals. Important because it will bring people previously excluded into the formal economy.

Proximate literacy - the ability to easily gain understanding and help through the consultation of peers and neighbours. Designing for proximate literacy is more beneficial than to design a product which requires a new way of learning.

Human-behaviour researcher - also known as a human-behaviour researcher. The role is to peer into people’s lives and accumulate knowledge regarding their behaviour and relation to design. The information is fed back to designers and technologists so they may create products/services that are useful, optimized, and appropriate for the audience.

Fixed identity - a static constant for identifying ourselves. In this case, the cellphone has become a piece of our fixed identity. In some countries, the mobile phone number is more important that a fixed address. The phone number is constant in areas displaced by war, floods, drought, and faltering economies. It becomes a reliable source of income and communication.

'just in time' - manufacturing concept popularized by Toyota. It eliminates the need to keep stock of large inventory of parts. Instead, parts were only created and shipped as needed. This improves efficiency, cuts waste, and corrects errors and deficiencies.

Materials Economy
Externalized costs - term used to define the extraneous, unaccountable, costs of production. Externalizing costs help a manufacturer to produce more and at minimal cost. In essence, the product you purchase, at its retail cost, does not reflect the true global cost to provide the product to the consumer. The “costs” unforeseen by the consumer are thus externalized.

Planned obsolescence - term used to define products that were designed to have a limited lifespan. Products are “designed for the dump” so that consumers are encouraged to purchase the next iteration or replacement product from the manufacturer.

Perceived obsolescence - term used to define planned obsolescence of desirability. The product may be operable but consumers are encouraged to replace and purchase due to marketing and social perceptions.

Materials throughput - the rate of material re-use within a product. A low materials throughput indicates high consumption levels with minimal re-use.

National happiness - an indication of contentment on a larger national scale. National happiness is normally attributed to the amount of consumer goods available to us for purchase. However, studies indicate that society has less leisure time to enjoy these items. There is less time with friends and family so our National happiness is in decline.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Upstream waste - term used to define the large amounts of waste used to create products. Studies indicate manufacturers are producing excessive amounts of waste “upstream” just to produce one product.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Closed loop production - production process which aims to eliminate toxic inputs, protect workers, communities, and the environment along entire supply chains, use renewable energy, and eliminate superfluous consumption and more.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Zero waste - designing and managing products and processes to reduce the volume and toxicity of waste and materials, conserve and recover all resources, and not burn or bury them. Zero waste will eliminate all discharges to land, water or air that may be a threat to planetary, human, animal or plant health.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Green chemistry - the practice of protecting the environment, not by cleaning up after a polluting process, but by inventing new chemistry and new chemical processes that do not pollute in the first place.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Synergistic health impacts - refer to the interaction between chemicals in products to chemicals we are exposed to every day.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Industrial production systems

==<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Embodied Storming as part of Participatory Design Research == <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Participatory design - designing using bodystorming and prototyping through scenario and experience participation.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Experience prototyping -

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Prototyping in context - aka “bodystorming”, a natural extension of participatory design where events and processes are enacted as a technology supporting collaborative embodied cognition.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Embodied storming as opposed to previous definitions of bodystorming - different because this form of bodystorming is supported by theories of embodied cognition.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Collaborative embodied cognition - focuses on creating the experience of physical performance, not to ideate but to enact experiential awareness.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Experiential awareness - postpones the particulars of designed forms, functions, and even ideas.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Strong prototyping - involves using your designed prototype in-the-field, within the actual space/place it was intended for. The intent is to test your design in the environment so you can observe its effects in a production environment. The expectation is designers will see aspects or note points typically unseen within a test environment.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Use-case theater - the third method of bodystorming which combines both the first and second aspects together. Individuals are assigned roles to re-enact with the prototypes created. The intent is to analyze the design's effectiveness, or lack thereof, within a modeled environment where the design would be used. This process is oriented more towards evaluation.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">'generate-do-learn' scenarios - when participants engage one another in simulating experiences and processes that are designed through joint acting and improvisation.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Empathy - acting before understanding, we approach the possibility of learning in our bones the experience of another person as if we were the person experiencing the situation for which we are designing.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Tacit knowing - knowing more than we can tell.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Biomimicry
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Biomimetic design - using nature as a guide to design. It is a sustainable strategy involving innovation through nature’s methods.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Food web: self-sustaining biological ecosystems that produce no waste or harmful byproducts - infers upon self-sustaining biological ecosystems that produce no waste or harmful byproducts.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Echolocation - use of sound to guide to a location.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Design as a Collaborative Process
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Tangible Earth - The Tangible Earth represents a real-time interface of data visualization by providing real-time data on geographical and environmental events and phenomenon. A user is able to move the tangible earth in any direction to retrieve data and view valuable information regarding our planet and it's current course of sustainability.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Tangible Earth provides information regarding current pollution, seismic activity, weather, oceanic events, and much more data on our planet. It also provides an estimate on its future if humans continue to carry on the trend of abusing our environment. This model is effective as it provides a hands-on education and visualization on the importance of global sustainability.